What does a graph data structure consist of?

A graph data structure is fundamentally composed of nodes and edges, where nodes represent entities and edges represent the connections or relationships between those entities. This foundational aspect is critical for understanding how graphs function, as they illustrate how elements relate to one another.

The term "vertices" is often used interchangeably with "nodes" in graph terminology. Therefore, the phrase "vertices and connections" is another way to describe the same concept, emphasizing the elements involved in the graph structure.

"Data points and relationships" also conveys a similar meaning, as data points can be thought of as the individual nodes that have certain attributes, and relationships pertain to the edges that connect them.

Since all these descriptions refer to the essential components and functionalities of a graph, the correct answer encompasses all these elements, making "All of the above" the most comprehensive choice. It highlights that whether one uses nodes and edges, vertices and connections, or data points and relationships, they are all articulating the same foundational structure of a graph in computer science.